Male infertility is extremely common and appears to be increasing. It relates to the quantity and quality of sperm produced and affects 50% of couples.

The advent and use of  intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has made the treatment of male infertility successful using very small numbers of sperm.

In some men, there can be complete absence of sperm known as azoospermia. In these cases, sperm can be obtained using surgical sperm recovery procedures  to be used for ICSI .